ALBUMEN ON GLASS PROCESS/ NIEPCEOTYPE

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Survey of Negative Processes Glass-Based Processes


  • 1847 /1848 published by Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor (previously: experiments with starch and gelatin as binding media ).

(ADELSTEIN, P. Z., 1987; NATIONAL MUSEUM OF PHOTOGRAPHY, FILM AND TELEVISION, 2000; EDER, JOSEF MARIA, 1932, p 471)

  • used from 1849 to approximately 1854

(WEINSTEIN, ROBERT A.; BOOTH, LARRY, 1977, p 167)

  • operation: albumen hardens under influence of heat and becomes insoluble in water

(GRAY, GUSTAVE le, 1850)

  • properties: slightly light sensitive, high contrast, very high resolution

(GILLET et al., 1986; WEINSTEIN, ROBERT A.; BOOTH, LARRY, 1977, p 167; NADEAU, LUIS, 2006, p 24)

Contents

[edit] process

[edit] preparation

  • solution of egg white, potassium iodide, bromide and sodium chloride

(GRAY, GUSTAVE le, 1850)

  • whisking stiff of the egg white, let it rest for about 12 hours, decanting of the liquid part, i.e. albumen (also possible: dissolving the albumen by acidic acid)
  • addition of ammonium iodide, potassium bromide, iodine and gum arabic (improves filming and adhesion)

(GILLET et al., 1986)

  • glass is coated and the albumen dried
  • subsequent heating up to 70 to 80°C yields to hardening

(GRAY, GUSTAVE le, 1850)

  • additional components like honey, syrup, whey for increased light sensitivity

(EDER, JOSEF MARIA, 1932, p 471)

[edit] sensitization

bath of silver nitrate and acidic acid

(GRAY, GUSTAVE le, 1850; GILLET et al., 1986)

[edit] exposure

  • wet exposure possible
  • dry plate is half as light sensitive as the wet variant

(GRAY, GUSTAVE le, 1850)

  • exposure within 3 or 4 days

(GILLET et al., 1986)

[edit] development

  • slow development with gallic acid (+ pyrogallic acid, alcohol)
  • with appearance of the image addition of silver nitrate

(GILLET et al., 1986)

  • from 1851 on also pyrogallic acid as developer

(EDER, JOSEF MARIA, 1932, p 454)

[edit] washing

rinsing

(GILLET et al., 1986)

[edit] fixing

sodium thiosulfate (potassium cyanide would remove the albumen)

(GILLET et al., 1986)

[edit] References

  • ADELSTEIN, P. Z., 1987. From Metal to Polyester: History of Picture- Taking Supports. In: Eugene Ostroff ed. Pioneers of Photography. Springfield, Va.: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 30-36
  • EDER, JOSEF MARIA, 1932. Ausführliches Handbuch der Photographie. Band 1, Teil 1. 4. Auflage. Halle a.S.: Knapp
  • GILLET et al., 1986. Gillet, Martine; Garnier, Chantal; Flieder, Francoise. Glass Plate Negatives. Preservation and Restoration. Restaurator, 7(2), 49-80
  • GRAY, GUSTAVE le, 1850. A Practical Treatise on Photography upon Paper and Glass (translated by Thomas Cousins, London). In: Doug Munson. Workshop in Photograph Conservation, Selected Readings, Silver Print-Out Media, January 6-10, 1997, 13-26
  • NADEAU, LUIS, 2006. Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic and Photomechanical Processes (1st eBook ed., V.1.1.). Fredericton, NB (Canada)
  • NATIONAL MUSEUM OF PHOTOGRAPHY, FILM AND TELEVISION, 2000. Photography on Glass. Bradford: National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (Information Sheet 5.3.21)
  • WEINSTEIN, ROBERT A.; BOOTH, LARRY, 1977. Collection, Use, and Care of Historical Photographs. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History

[edit] Gallery

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